# Lesson #1. Introduction to PascalABC.NET

Дата изменения: 17 сентября 2020

## Theory

Lection # 1 in pdf format

### Variable Definition & Assigning a value to it

• In Pascal abc.net variables can be defined within the body of the program between begin and end keywords. The principle of locality: a variable is defined immediately before it is used.
• When we define a variable, we specify its name and type:

•
So we have two possible versions:

• var n: integer; // variable declaration begin n:=1; // assignment statement
• pascalAbc.net:
• 1 method:

begin var n:integer; // variable declaration n:=1; // assignment statement

2 method (canonical method when type is defined depending on the value):

begin var n:=1; // variable declaration and assignment statement => initialization

### Arithmetic operations and expressions

common method:

begin var a := 6; // Assigning value 6 a:= a + 2; // Increasing by 2 a:= a - 2; // Reduction of 2 a:= a * 3; // Multiplication by 3 a:= a / 2; // division end.

short method:

begin var a := 6; // Assigning value 6 a+= 2; // Increasing by 2 a-= 2; // Reduction of 2 a*= 3; // Multiplication by 3 a/= 2; // division end.

### Data input

1-st way:

begin var n:integer; // n is a variable of integer type read(n); // input some value to store it in n variable
begin var n:real; // n is a variable of real type - floating point number read(n);// input some value to store it in n variable

2-nd way:

var n:=ReadInteger(); // n is a variable of integer type & we input some value to store it in n var x:=ReadReal(); // x is a variable of real type & we input some value to store it in x

3-d way (tuple assignment):

var n1, n2: integer; // two integers are declared (n1, n2) := (1, 2); // 1 is assigned to n1, 2 is assigned to n2

4-th way:

var(n1, n2) := readInteger2; // n1 and n2 are the variables of int type & we input some values to store it in them

Usually before data reading you must print the prompt with an explanation of what data you read:

var x := ReadInteger('Enter x:'); var y := ReadInteger('Enter y:'); var res := x + y;

### Data output

1-st way:

begin var n:integer; read(n); n: = n * n; writeln('n = ',n);

2-nd way:

begin begin var n:integer; read(n); n: = n * n; print('n = ',n);

What does formatted output mean?

For beautiful output, you should use formatted output with the WritelnFormat procedure or Print:
1. WritelnFormat:

WritelnFormat ('f ({0}, {1}) = {2}', a, b, c);

The result will be:

f (x, y) = z

The first parameter in brackets and single quotes is a format string that specifies the format for outputting expressions.
So, if we want to output:

a + b = b + a = sum

then you just need to replace a, b with {0}, {1}:

WritelnFormat ('{0} + {1} = {1} + {0} = {2}', a, b, x + y)
• You can specify the width (W) of the output field of the expression N (width in characters): {N,W}. For example, the operator
• WritelnFormat('x = *{0,5}*', x); // 5 means 5 charecters for displaying x

works this way:

x = *    6*
x = *   -3*
x = *  123*
x = *-9876*


2. Print:

var x := ReadInteger('Enter x:'); var y := ReadInteger('Enter y:'); var res := x + y; Print(\$'Sum of {x} and {y} is {res}');

### Swapping Variable Values

We have:

var (x,y) := (3,5);

To do: To swap values of variables:
Solution 1. Using temporary variable:

var t := x; x := y; y := t;

Solution 2. Using multiple assignment:

(x,y) := (y,x);
Two assignments x := y and y := x are carried out simultaneously! Not
sequentially!

1. Save your files with names as it is given in tasks (e.g. task-04.pas).
2. Give meaningful names to your variables.
3. Use comments to make the program clear.
4. Give the task of the program as a comment before the program code. Use curly braces for comments:
5. Give the results of your program (log) as a comment after the program code. It’s easy to do just by copying. Use curly brackets to add comments:
Sample 1:
To do: Calculate the expression. The values of x, y and z are entered.

The resulting example:

Input x
3
Input y
4
Input z
5
The result = 1.77800712886037


[Program name: L1sample1.pas]

✍ Algorithm (how to do):

{0.2} Task 1:
To do: Assign the values to two variables (a=5, b=6). Calculate their average: (a + b)/2. Do this task twice: use different ways of assigning and output.

Note: it is better to use here formatted output.

The resulting example:

(5 + 6) / 2 = 5.5


{0.2} Task 2:
To do: Assign the values to two variables (a=-0.80, b=-8.0). Calculate the sum, substruction, product and quotient of their squares.

Note 1: To specify a particular number of digits after the floating point you can use format expression of writeln function:

writeln('result = ', x:5:3)
5 means total number of signs to output the number,
3 means the number of digits to output after floating point.


Note 2: it is better to use here formatted output.

The resulting example:

a^2 + b^2 = 64.64
a^2 * b^2 = 40.96
a^2 - b^2 = -63.36
a^2 / b^2 = 0.01


Sample 2:

To do: The side of a square (variable name is side) is entered. Calculate its perimeter: P = 4·a. Use different methods of assigning, input and output.

The resulting example:

please enter the side length of a square:
5.6
Perimeter P = 22.4


[Program name: L1sample2.pas]

✍ Algorithm (how to do):

1-st way:

begin Writeln('please enter the side length of a square:'); // Variable declaration to store the value of the side length var a := ReadReal; var P := 4 * a; // Perimeter calculation Writeln('Perimeter P = ', P); end.

2-nd way:

begin Writeln('please enter the side length of a square:'); // Variable declaration to store the value of the side length var a: real; readln(a); var P := 4 * a; // Perimeter calculation Print('Perimeter P = ', P); end.
{0.3} Task 3:

To do: The side of the square (variable name is side) is entered. Calculate its area: S = a2. Use different methods of assigning, input and output.

Note: To calculate square of a number you can use sqr() standart function, for example:

sqrX:=sqr(x);

The resulting example:

please enter the side length of a square:
2.90
Area S = 8.41


{0.3} Task 4:

To do: The sides of the rectangle are entered (a and b). Calculate its area (S = a*b) and perimeter (P = 2 (a + b)).

Note: To specify a particular number of digits after the floating point you can use format expression of writeln function:

writeln('S = ', S:0:2); // :2 means the number of digits to output after floating point

The resulting example:

Enter the values of two sides:
12
13
result:
S = 156.00
P = 50.00


{0.4} Task 5:

To do: A diameter of a circle (variable name is d) is entered. Calculate its length (formula L = π·d). The value of π is 3.14. Use different methods of assigning, input and output.

Note 1: π has a constant value. In pascalAbc we can declare constant before the begin section of the program:

const pi = 3.14; begin // ... end.

Note 2: Make the program using the same style of coding as in sample 2.

The resulting example:

please enter a diameter of a circle:
6.7
the length of a circle is: 21.038


Sample 3:

To do: Calculate hypotenuse and perimeter of a right-angled triangle, legs of triangle is entered (square root of (a2 + b2)).

Note: To calculate square root of a number you can use sqrt() standart function, for example:

sqrtX:=sqrt(x);

The resulting example:

Input the values of triangle legs:
3.0
6.0
hypotenuse = 6.70820393249937
perimeter = 15.7082039324994


[Program name: L1sample3.pas]

✍ Algorithm:

Here is an example of right program which is clear for user:
{0.4} Task 6:

To do: The length of a cube edge is entered (a). Calculate the volume of the cube (V = a3) and its surface area (S = 6·a2). Give the program log in the form of a comment.

Note: To specify a particular number of digits after the floating point you can use format expression of writeln function:

writeln('V = ', v:5:3)
5 means total number of signs to output the number,
3 means the number of digits to output after floating point.


The resulting example:

please enter the side length of a square:
9.000
V = 729.000
S = 486.000


{0.4} Task 7:

To do: Assign a value to integer variable x (x = 5). Calculate the value of the function:

y = 4(x-3)6 - 7(x-3)3 + 2


Note 1: To calculate the power of a number you can use the power(x:real, y:real) function. For example:

//2 in the power of 5 = powNumb = power (2,5);

Note 2: It is better to use an auxiliary variable for (x-3)3.

The resulting example:

for x = 5 we have y = 202


{0.4} Task 8:

To do: Calculate the distance between two points with the given coordinates x1 and x2 on the number axis; the coordinates are entered. Formula |x2 − x1|.

Note: To calculate the absolute value of a number you can use abc(x:real) standart function:

abs(x2 - x1);

The resulting example:

x1 = 3.2 x2 = 2.5 the distance between two points: 0.7

{0.4} Task 9:

To do: Calculate the distance between two points on the plane; coordinates (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) are entered. The distance is calculated by the formula:

Note 1:Verify that your program is correct using «simple» values that are easy to calculate. For example:

d((0,  0); (6, 0)) = 6;
d((0,  -4); (0, 1)) = 5;
d((-1,  1); (2, 5)) = 5:


Note 2: Display the results of your program (log) in the form of a comment after the program code. It’s easy to do by simply copying. For comments use curly brackets:

The resulting example:

enter x1 of the first point: 0 enter y1 of the first point: 0 enter x2 of the second point: 6 enter y2 of the second point: 0 The distance equals 6

{0.3} Task 10:

To do: The temperature in Celsius is entered, convert temperature to Fahrenheit. Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are related by the ratio:

and opposite:

The resulting example:

please enter the temperature in celsius 56 The temparature in fahrenhiet 132.8

### Swapping Variable Values

{0.2} Task 11:

To do: Swap the values of variables A and B and print out the new values to the console.

The resulting example:

Enter A: 5.7 Enter B: 3 Result: A = 3, B = 5.7

{0.2} Task 12:

To do: The values of variables A, B, C are entered. Swap their values to make A = B, B = C, C = A, and display the results.

The resulting example:

A = 3.4 B = 2 C = 1.5 Result: A = 1.5, B = 3.4, C = 2

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